Updates? A bust of Alfred Nobel at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. Nobel Peace Prize 2019 Winners List: The 2019 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology was jointly awarded Monday to two Americans and a British scientist, namely William G. Kaelin Jr, Gregg L. Semenza, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, for their discoveries … with inetersting facts about Nobel Prize. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision. The Nobel Prize recognizes significant contributions to the advancement of various aspects of culture, science and academics. The winners will receive a full cash prize, valued this year at 9-million kronor ($918,000), a gold medal and a diploma. Ragnar Singsaas/Getty. The Nobel Prize was created through the final will of Alfred Nobel, an accomplished Swedish inventor. The first Nobel Award is firstly awarded in 1901. The Swedish Academy, which oversees the prestigious award, suspended it … Nobel Prize 2019 Winners List in Hindi PDF. Joshua Lederberg. The Nobel Prize in Physics is a Nobel Prize in the science of physics.. with inetersting facts about Nobel Prize. Kofi Annan Ghanaian diplomat Kofi Annan was the secretary … Nobel Prize Winners 2020. The nominees in all categories — whose names are never announced and cannot be revealed until 50 years have passed — are picked by members of academies, university professors, scientists, previous Nobel Laureates, and members of parliamentary assemblies. *Nationality given is the citizenship of the recipient at the time the award was made. As per the press releases of the Nobel Foundation, here is the List of Nobel Prize Winners 2019, who have completed exceptional work in different fields for this year. from 7 th to 14 th October 2019.. The 2019 Ig Nobel Prize winners. Nobel Prize Winners 2017-2019 List in Hindi English PDF:-Hello Friends, The award was started in 1901.Each award winner is awarded a medal, a diploma, a monetary award. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019: Brenner, who received the Nobel Prize at the age of 75, died on April 5, 2019, in Singapore. Kofi Annan Ghanaian diplomat Kofi Annan was the secretary … 2019 Nobel Prize Winners List. Post and visitor address: Henrik Ibsens gate 51. The 2019 Nobel Prize winners will be presented with their awards at ceremonies in Norway and Sweden this week. Check the full list of Nobel Prize winners 2020, 2019, 2018, etc. Also Read:11th Parliamentary Debate Prize Bagged by NIT Rourkela. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019: John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino “for the development of lithium-ion batteries”. Complete List Nobel Prize Winners 2019 PDF. The Swedish Academy, which oversees the prestigious award, suspended it … Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali is awarded the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize for his important work to promote reconciliation, solidarity and social justice. The Nobel Prize is announcing its winners for 2019 this week, and all eyes are on Greta Thunberg, the Swedish teenage climate change activist widely seen as the frontrunner for the Peace Prize. The Nobel Prizes are given on 10 th December every year on the death anniversary of Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Who died in 1896.He was a noted Swedish chemist and engineer, who discovered Nitroglycerine and its use in the manufacture of dynamite.This year Nobel Prize winners 2019 announcements by Nobelprize.org. from 7 th to 14 th October 2019.. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice “for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus”. 12. The first Nobel Award is firstly awarded in 1901. Below is a detailed list of youngest Nobel laureates who received the award at the ceremony. The trio’s work — which involved identifying “molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen” — was recognized for helping pave the way “for promising new strategies to fight anaemia, cancer and many other diseases.”, The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three different men “for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos.”, One half of the prize went to James Peebles “for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology,” while the other half was split between Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz “for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.”, The award for chemistry was jointly awarded this year to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino “for the development of lithium-ion batteries.”, The 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded on Thursday to Polish author Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life.”, The 2019 prize went to Austrian author Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience.”, No prize was awarded last year amid sexual harassment and abuse allegations against Jean-Claude Arnault, the husband of an academy member and a recipient of academy funds, according to the Washington Post. You'll get the latest updates on this topic in your browser notifications. James Peebles “for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology” ... Join thousands of global subscribers enjoying the free monthly Nobel Prize highlights, trivia and up-to-date information. List of Nobel Prize Winners 2019. Credit: List of Nobel Prize Winners 2019: Read all about it Nobel Prizes are the prizes awarded annually by the respective institutes in different fields – Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Physics, Chemistry and Economics, the Swedish Academy in Literature, the Karolinska Institue in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Peace. Nobel Prize Winners 2019: In all Competitive Exams, we can expect at least one question from the Latest List of Nobel Prize Winners.The List of Nobel Prize Winners 2019 has been given below. The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded jointly to Harvey J. Although Nobel’s will was read after his death in 1895, it was highly controversial and took six years before the awards came into being. Nobel Prize 2019 Winners Indian American Abhijit Banerjee, along with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, won the 2019 economics Nobel for their work on finding new ways to tackle poverty. Nobel Prize, any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Nobel. This year’s prize in physiology or medicine was awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza for their “discoveries in how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability,” according to a press release. Most of the Nobel Prize winners are from the field of medicine or physiology. The majority of these prizes have been in the Nobel Prize for Physics. Corrections? The winner receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money decided by the Nobel Foundation. Nobel prize winners will get Prize money of US$986,000, a medal and a diploma. Indian-American Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer jointly won the 2019 Nobel Economics Prize 'for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty,' the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said on Monday (October 14). The 2019 Ig Nobel Prizes were awarded at the 29th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony, on Thursday, September 12, 2019, at Harvard’s Sanders Theatre.The ceremony was webcast. Sketches of the winners. Contact the Norwegian Nobel Institute. Nobel prize winners will get Prize money of US$986,000, a medal and a diploma. this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. Get push notifications with news, features and more. 2020 Nobel Prize Winners: Full List. Nobel Prize Winners 2019 for Banking, SSC, Railway, PCS and UPSC Exams. Arnault received a two-year prison sentence in Sweden after being found guilty of raping a woman in 2011, the BBC reported in October 2018. MEDICINE PRIZE [ITALY, THE NETHERLANDS] Silvano Gallus, for collecting evidence that pizza might protect against illness and death, if the pizza is made and eaten in Italy. | In Alfred Nobel’s will, he dictated that the interest from his estat… From our … The scandal prompted academy head Sara Danius and others to step down, and Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf said in a statement the prize announcement would be postponed so the academy could “focus on restoring its reputation.”, The peace prize was awarded to Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali for “his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighboring Eritrea.”, The Norwegian Nobel Committee also noted that the win was “meant to recognize all the stakeholders working for peace and reconciliation in Ethiopia and in the East and Northeast African regions.”, The prize in economic sciences went jointly to Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.”. Nobel Prize Winners 2019 for Banking, SSC, Railway, PCS and UPSC Exams. 2020 Nobel Prize Winners: Full List. This prize is given in six fields for … Contact the Norwegian Nobel Institute. As per the press releases of the Nobel Foundation, here is the List of Nobel Prize Winners 2019, who have completed exceptional work in different fields for this year. Tags: Nobel Prize Money Nobel Prize Winners List 2019 Nobel Prize Winners List 2020 Follow Breaking News on abp LIVE for more latest stories and trending topics. Check out the Nobel Prize winners 2019 full list & Nobel Prize 2019 facts in Bengali. From our … The Nobel Prize is established as per the Alfred Nobel’s will. 0255 Oslo. See below for a list of winners for the 2019 Nobel Prize. Take a look at the pictures of the winners of the 2019 Nobel Prizes. They are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world and are conferred in six categories: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace, and economics. Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee,an indian origin won the Nobel Prize in Economics for 2019. Nobel Prize Winners By Country. Left and right scrota often differ in temperature, whether you’re naked or not. Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice for “Hepatitis C virus discovery.” Physics 2020: – The Nobel Prize 2020 in Physics is divided into one half and another half. William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza won the 2019 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. नोबेल फाउंडेशन द्वारा स्वीडन के वैज्ञानिक अल्फ्रेड नोबेल की याद में प्रतिवर्ष शांति, … The table provides a chronological list of Nobel Prize winners. Nobel Prize 2019 Winners Indian American Abhijit Banerjee, along with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, won the 2019 economics Nobel for their work on finding new ways to tackle poverty. Here is the Nobel prize 2019 Winners list and categories they awarded in. Between 1901 and 2019, 596 awards have been awarded to … The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement… 2019 Nobel Prize for Medicine awarded to William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza. Post and visitor address: Henrik Ibsens gate 51. Here the Nobel prize winners 2019 list for all the fields are available. Your e-mail address Check this box if you are a robot. Sketches of the winners. The Nobel Prizes are given on 10 th December every year on the death anniversary of Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Who died in 1896.He was a noted Swedish chemist and engineer, who discovered Nitroglycerine and its use in the manufacture of dynamite.This year Nobel Prize winners 2019 announcements by Nobelprize.org. Greta Thunberg/Twitter. They will receive their prize — a medal, a certificate, and a cash award of about $900,000, according to Time — in December. The Nobel Foundation has declared the complete list of winners for 2019 as of now. Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. Phone: +47 22 12 93 00 E-mail: postmaster@nobel.no The library Phone: +47 22 12 93 00 E-mail: library@nobel… Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s officially designated as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.In this blog we will discuss about List of Nobel Prize Winners 2019. Between 1901 and 2020, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 603 times to 962 people and organizations. This year, there are 301 candidates (223 individuals, and 78 organizations) up for the Peace Prize, according to the Nobel Foundation. He shared the Nobel Prize with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer for initiating an … Abhijit Banerjee, an Indian born American Economist made it to the List of Indian Nobel Laureates on 15th October 2019 for his outstanding contribution in the field of Economic Sciences. Text us for exclusive photos and videos, royal news, and way more. Phone: +47 22 12 93 00 E-mail: postmaster@nobel.no The library Phone: +47 22 12 93 00 E-mail: library@nobel… Nobel Prize in Physics 2019: James Peebles, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz “for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star”. Two winners were named - one for 2019 and one for 2018 - because the prize was not awarded last year. 0255 Oslo. The Norwegian Nobel Committee is responsible for selecting the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, with the winners chosen through a majority vote. The Nobel prize winners award ceremony will be held on 10 December 2019. Here is the Nobel prize 2019 Winners list and categories they awarded in. nobel prize 2020:: Nobel Prize Announcement Dates/ List of Nobel Prize Winners in 2020 ::. Tags: Nobel Prize Money Nobel Prize Winners List 2019 Nobel Prize Winners List 2020 Follow Breaking News on abp LIVE for more latest stories and trending topics. A bust of Alfred Nobel at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Complete List of Nobel Prize 2019 Winners (Physics, Chemistry, Economics, Peace, Literature). Coyote Ugly Turns 20: Where Is the Cast Now? The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel. nobel prize winners 2019, ... in 2008 or 2010. 2019 Nobel Prize Winners List. Niklas Elmedhed/Nobel Media. It is commonly thought that the access to improving technology has … The Nobel Prize is established as per the Alfred Nobel’s will. Brenner, who received the Nobel Prize at the age of 75, died on April 5, 2019, in Singapore. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel … Check the full list of Nobel Prize winners 2020, 2019, 2018, etc. The trio “identified molecular … The average age of Nobel Prize winners [across all categories] is 59. laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure, investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation, discovery of how malaria enters an organism, investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel, discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system, work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds, isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace, researches into electrical conductivity of gases, work on the structure of the nervous system, spectroscopic and metrological investigations, discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases, investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances, pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities, physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland, research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids, discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium, discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation, method of hydrogenating organic compounds, invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys, work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs, work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium, accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements, discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals, pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll, analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays, discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements, discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field, discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism, chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes, work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule, investigation of atomic structure and radiation, discoveries concerning heat production in muscles, work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles, method of microanalysis of organic substances, work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect, elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions, discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom, work on discontinuous structure of matter, researches into the constitution of bile acids, discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays, method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles, work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica, constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins, investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved, discovery of the wave nature of electrons, hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin, work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect, invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods, discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme, discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry, discoveries regarding function of neurons, introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics, heredity transmission functions of chromosomes, discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia, work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases, work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses, research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins, experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons, disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation, work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes, use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research, discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton, discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K, resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei, researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres, discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons, discovery of penicillin and its curative value, preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form, discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics, production of mutations by X-ray irradiation, investigation of alkaloids and other plant products, discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere, discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted, pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism, researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins, discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation, behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures, therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses, discovery and development of diene synthesis, photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons, research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects, discovery of and research on transuranium elements, work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles, discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids, discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates, statistical studies of atomic wave functions, cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures, measurement of magnetic moment of electron, nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes, work on the kinetics of chemical reactions, investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor, discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes, work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes, discovery of violations of the principle of parity, determination of the structure of the insulin molecule, discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect, discovery and development of polarography, confirmation of the existence of the antiproton, work on producing nucleic acids artificially, study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis, determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons, determination of the structure of hemoproteins, contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter, discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA, structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics, development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei, principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre, determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia, work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles, discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism, synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances, basic principles of quantum electrodynamics, discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells, work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules, discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms, research on causes and treatment of cancer, studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, discoveries concerning the energy production of stars, discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye, work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states, work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules, classification of elementary particles and their interactions, research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases, discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, work in scientific analysis of economic theory, work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission, extensive research on the economic growth of nations, fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry, contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory, development of the theory of superconductivity, research on the chemical structure of antibodies, tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors, pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena, research on structural and functional organization of cells, contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources, work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion, interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell, consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization, discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J), studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases, contributions to theory of international trade, contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids, formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems, decision-making processes in economic organizations, invention and application of helium liquefier, discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory, discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA, introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances, analyses of economic processes in developing nations, unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles, development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure, development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations, demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries, investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances, orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, processing of visual information by the brain, determination of structure of biological substances, economic effects of governmental regulation, biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins, mathematical proof of supply and demand theory, contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars, discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity, development of a method of polypeptide synthesis, development of national income accounting system, discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory, theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies, development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules, analyses of household savings and financial markets, discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance, discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism, development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions, public-choice theory bridging economics and political science, development of special electron microscopes, discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells, development of molecules that can link with other molecules, contributions to the theory of economic growth, discovery of new superconducting materials, discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis, contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources, development of new classes of drugs for combating disease, discovery of certain basic properties of RNA, development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting, development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study, study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes, development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules, study of financial markets and investment decision-making, development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants, improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, application of economic principles to the study of law, discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules, discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases, explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules, application of economic theory to social sciences, inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles, discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases, inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation, discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure, development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules, development of neutron-scattering techniques, discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins, explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer, incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory, identification of genes that control the body's early structural development, discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes, contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information, discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3, discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells, explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate, discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives, process of trapping atoms with laser cooling, discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein, development of the density-functional theory, development of computational methods in quantum chemistry, discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect, discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system, study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy, analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes, study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions, discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization, discovery of plastics that conduct electricity, development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour, development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics, development of the integrated circuit (microchip), discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain, work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions, work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions, analysis of markets with asymmetric information, achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates, discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle, development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules, integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty, establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays, discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis), discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells, development of techniques for the analysis of time series data, discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures, development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction, discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis, contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy, discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease, work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription, analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy, discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation, discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA, studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces, work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory, discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells, discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP, analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity, discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature, discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics, discovery of human immunodeficiency virus, discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer, studies of the structure and function of the ribosome, analysis of economic governance, especially the commons, analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm, invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit, achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication, discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules, analysis of markets with search frictions, experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene, empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy, discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae, discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity, discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity, work on market design and matching theory, development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems, discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems, theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells, development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy, invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources, discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain, analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare, discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass, discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites, discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria, design and synthesis of molecular machines, theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter, development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution, decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves, discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm, development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins, work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies, integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis, integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis, invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems, invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses, discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation, experimental approach to alleviating global poverty, theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology, discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star, discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.